MARQUESES TERESA VILLAR v. TORTURE CLAIMS APPEAL BOARD

HCAL 2279/2023

[2025] HKCFI 1189

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LIST NO 2279 OF 2023

Application for Leave to Apply for Judicial Review
NOTIFICATION of the Judge’s decision (Ord 53 r 3)

Following:

	consideration of the documents only;            or
	consideration of the documents and oral submissions by the Applicant in open court / the Applicant being absent in open court;

The application for leave to apply for Judicial Review be dismissed.

Observations for the Applicant:

1.  The Applicant is a 55-year-old national of the Philippines who last arrived in Hong Kong on 21 March 2023 with permission to continue to work as a foreign domestic helper until the expiration of her employment contract or within 14 days of its early termination, but upon completing her last employment she did not depart and instead overstayed, and on 9 May 2023 she surrendered to the Immigration Department and raised a non-refoulement claim for protection on the basis that if she returned to the Philippines she would be harmed or killed by her creditor over her unpaid debts.

2.  The Applicant was born and raised in Sta Rosa Laguna, the Philippines. After leaving school she married her husband and moved to reside with him in Barangay Inchican, Silang, Cavite where they raised a family with 6 children.

3.  Her husband passed away in 2005, and to make her living the Applicant worked as a domestic helper in various places including Malaysia and Saudi Arabia, and in late 2019 she applied to work in Hong Kong as a foreign domestic helper, and to meet the necessary fees and expenses she borrowed a loan from the wife of the village head of her home village, with the loan to be repaid within 2 years and with monthly interest payments.

4.  On 17 January 2020 the Applicant arrived in Hong Kong to start her employment and to remit her monthly loan interests payments to her creditor from her salary, but upon completing her last employment in April 2023 and when she was unable to find further employment or any money to repay her loan, she was informed by her children in the Philippines that her creditor had come to threaten to kill her for failing to repay her loan, and so the Applicant was afraid to return to the Philippines and therefore overstayed in Hong Kong, and subsequently raised her non-refoulement claim for protection to the Immigration Department, for which she completed a Non-refoulement Claim Form (“NCF”) on 20 June 2023 and attended screening interview before the Immigration Department with legal representation from the Duty Lawyer Service (“DLS”).

5.  By a Notice of Decision dated 14 July 2023 the Director of Immigration (“Director”) rejected the Applicant’s claim on all the applicable grounds including risk of torture under Part VIIC of the Immigration Ordinance, Cap 115 (“Torture Risk”), risk of her absolute or non-derogable rights under the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance, Cap 383 (“HKBOR”) being violated including right to life under Article 2 (“BOR 2 Risk”), risk of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under Article 3 of HKBOR (“BOR 3 Risk”), and risk of persecution with reference to the non-refoulement principle under Article 33 of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (“Persecution Risk”).

6.  In his decision the Director took into account of all the relevant circumstances of the Applicant’s claim and found no substantial grounds for believing that her perceived fear will be real and foreseeable upon her return to the Philippines due to the absence of or low intensity and frequency of past ill-treatment from her creditor, that there is no evidence of any real intention of her creditor to seriously harm or kill her other than to press her to repay her loan, that in any event it was a private monetary dispute between her and her creditor only without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant if resorted to, and that reliable and objective Country of Origin Information (“COI”) show that reasonable internal relocation alternatives are available in the Philippines with a large population of 104 million people spread across a vast territory of more than 300,000 square kilometers that it would not be unduly harsh for the Applicant as an able-bodied adult with working experience to move to other areas of the country away from her home district in large cities such as Iloilo or Cebu where it would be difficult if not impossible for her creditor to locate her.

7.  The Applicant then lodged an appeal to the Torture Claims Appeal Board (“Board”) against the Director’s decision, and for which she attended an oral hearing on 30 October 2023 with the assistance of an interpreter before the Board during which she gave evidence and answered questions raised of her claim by the Adjudicator for the Board. On 7 December 2023 her appeal was dismissed by the Board which also confirmed the Director’s decision.

8.  In its decision the Board accepted the Applicant’s claim of threats from her creditor over her outstanding debts but found no reliable evidence of any real intention of her creditor to seriously harm or kill her other than to press her to repay her debts, and that in any event it was a private monetary dispute between the 2 of them only without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant upon her return to the Philippines as well as reasonable internal relocation alternatives for her to move safely to other parts of the country away from her home district without any risk of being located by her creditor that her claim for non-refoulement protection failed on all applicable grounds.

9.  On 19 December 2023 the Applicant filed her Form 86 for leave to apply for judicial review of the Board’s decision, and in her supporting affirmation of the same date she put forward the following grounds for her intended challenge:

(1)  That the Adjudicator did not consider her claim properly or to take time to proper think about her life before dismissing her claim;

(2)  That the Adjudicator unreasonably refused to allow her to submit her supporting documents without translation or to give her time to arrange for their translation; and

(3)  That the interpreter did not help her in interpreting her evidence and was impatient with her during her appeal hearing.

10.  These are however all just some bare and vague assertions of the Applicant without any relevant or necessary particulars or specifics or elaborations as to how they apply to her case or how the Board or the Adjudicator had erred in the decision, or in what way was the decision unfair or unreasonable or that the Adjudicator had failed to properly consider her case or to give her time to arrange translation of her supporting documents which even up to her present application that she has failed to produce or identify, or in what way was the interpreter unhelpful to her during her appeal hearing before the Board. As such, and as none of these assertions were properly elaborated or presented with any relevant particulars or specifics by the Applicant, I do not find any of them reasonably arguable for her intended challenge.

11.  As has been repeatedly emphasized by the Court of Appeal, judicial review does not operate as a rehearing of a non-refoulement claim when the proper occasion for the Applicant to present and articulate his claim is in the screening process and interview before the Immigration Department and in the process before the Board where the evaluation of the risk of harm is primarily a matter for the Director and the Board as they are entitled to make such evaluation based on the evidence available to them that the court will not usurp their role as primary decision makers in the absence of any legal error or procedural unfairness or irrationality in their decisions being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, as judicial review is not an avenue for revisiting the assessment by them in the hope that the court may consider the matter afresh: Re Lakhwinder Singh [2018] HKCA 246; Re Daljit Singh [2018] HKCA 328; Re Mudannayakalage Chaminda Pushpa Kumara [2018] HKCA 400; and Nupur Mst v Director of Immigration [2018] HKCA 524.

12.  In the Applicant’s case, the fact is that it has been established by both the Director and the Board in their respective decisions that the risk of harm in her claim if real is a localized one and that it is not unreasonable or unsafe for her to relocate to other part of the Philippines, there is simply no justification to afford her with non-refoulement protection in Hong Kong: see TK v Jenkins & Anor [2013] 1 HKC 526.

13.  In the premises, and having considered the decisions of both the Director and the Board with rigorous examination and anxious scrutiny, I do not find any error of law or procedural unfairness in either of them, nor any failure on their part to apply high standards of fairness in their consideration and assessment of the Applicant’s claim.

14.  Moreover, the Applicant recently on 14 January 2025 in writing requested to withdraw her application as she wants to return to the Philippines but without providing any explanation as to what has happened to her claimed risk in her home country.

15.  In the premises, as I am for the given reasons not satisfied that there is any prospect of success in the Applicant’s intended application for judicial review, I refuse to grant leave and accordingly dismiss her application.

Where leave to apply has been granted, Applicants and their legal advisers are reminded of their obligation to reconsider the merits of their application in the light of the Respondent’s evidence

Form CALL-1