RAHMAN ABDUR v. TORTURE CLAIMS APPEAL BOARD

HCAL 118/2020

[2025] HKCFI 2957

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LIST NO 118 OF 2020

Application for leave to apply for judicial review

NOTIFICATION of the Judge’s decision (Order 53, rule 3)

Following:

	consideration of the documents only; or
	consideration of the documents and oral submissions by the applicant in open court;

1.   On this court’s own motion, the name of the putative respondent be amended to “Torture Claims Appeal Board”.

2.   The applicant’s application for leave to apply for judicial review be dismissed.

Observations for the applicant:

The leave Application

1.  By way of Form 86 dated 3 January 2020 and filed on 13 January 2020, the applicant applied for leave to apply for judicial review (“the Leave Application”) in respect of the decision of the Torture Claims Appeal Board ("the Board") dated 9 January 2020 (“the Board's Decision”).  The Board’s Decision can be viewed in the following hyperlink:

https://legalref.judiciary.hk/doc/judg/html/vetted/other/en/2020/HCAL000118_2020_files/the_Board's_Decision.pdf

2.  The Board found that the applicant did not face any of the proscribed risks under the Unified Screening Mechanism (“the USM”) if he were to be refouled to Bangladesh.  Hence, the Board affirmed the decision of the Director of Immigration (“the Director”) dated 24 September 2019 (“the Director’s Decision”), which rejected the applicant’s non-refoulement claim.

Amendment

3.  In the title of Form 86, the applicant wrongly named “Torture Claims Appeal Board / Non-refoulement Claims Petition Office” as the putative respondent. The correct putative respondent should only be the Board.  The Non-refoulement Claims Petition Office is just an office providing administrative and secretariat support to the adjudicators of the Board, and should not be named as a putative respondent at all.

4.  Thus, on this court’s own motion, the name of the putative respondent is amended to “Torture Claims Appeal Board”.

The applicant’s case

5.  It is not necessary for this court to repeat the details of the applicant’s case here as the same were set out in the Board’s Decision, which can be viewed in the hyperlink above.

6.  In sum, the applicant claimed for non-refoulement protection because if refouled to Bangladesh, he would be at risk of harm from members/supporters of the political party Awami League (“AL”) as he was unwilling to leave AL’s rival party, Bangladesh Nationalist Party (“BNP”), to join AL, and he would also be at risk of harm from his uncle named Jafar Matabar because of a land dispute.

Grounds for judicial review

7.  The applicant is required to identify clearly the grounds for the intended judicial review (see Ho Loy & Another v Director of Environmental Protection, HCAL 21 of 2015, dated 22.12.2016).

8.  The applicant annexed a document to Form 86 with the title “Grounds on which Relief is sought”.  The contents of this document are reproduced as follows:-

(1)  I believe that the Director of Immigration and the Adjudicator of Appeal Board reached the decision wrongly in assessing my Non-refoulement claim. I believe the decisions were not reasonable and fair (as required by the Wednesbury test). Indeed, the right to life is protected under Article 28 of the Basic Law and Article 2 of the Bill of Rights. In practice, the right to life is mainly protected by the criminal law and it must be protected from extra-judicial killings that I may face if I am deported back to my country.

(2)  rom the Director’s Decision, it is evident that the director has failed to appreciate or give the proper importance or weightage to the presence of state Acquiescence in my case. This has indeed led to an unfair outcome of rejecting my non-refoulement claim. I was tortured at the Behest and the state law enforcement agencies as well as those in the high ups of political circles. It is submitted that the state would be rendered liable to me by cause of the state and its public officials failing to provide reasonable protection for its citizens under the duty of due diligence.

(3)  The Adjudicator acted unreasonable and was procedurally unfair by placing too much reliance on Country of Origin Information but failed to take my personal background and experience into account. Further, I submit that although the Director had listed relevant COIs which support the aversions that the police in my country would not be able to protect. The Director failed to consider or give enough weightage to those evidence and ruled otherwise.

(4)  I submit that the Director has failed to take such argument into account or that the Director has failed to give enough weight to such argument before reaching the Decision. This was a clean case of unfair attitude shown by the Director which in itself is enough to render his Decision void. In Fact, the corruption and incompetency of the administration in my country is still a very serious problem. Various human rights organization has complied reports on the matter which stated testament to my assertions.

(5)  urther, the director has failed to attain the high standard of fairness required by the Wednesbury test in the decision with the arguments put forward above. As such, the decision of the director should be considered unreasonable in the scope of Public Law.

(6)  The Adjudicator was procedurally improper and/or unfair when assessing whether to accept or not to accept explanations provided by me, and unreasonably requires me to response to questions that I was not in a position to offer any response. The Adjudicator failed to take into account the nexus of political parties and official corruption which exists in my country, making the persecution effectively persecution by the State.

(7)  The Adjudicator made a ruling to dismiss my appeal/petition in the Torture Claims Appeal Board/Non-refoulement Claims Petition Office based on findings which the Adjudicator ought to allow the appeal/petition, and thus the Decision was irrational.

(8)  I humbly ask this Honorable Court to grant leave to have the Decision judicially reviewed.

9.  The said document with contents as stated above was in fact used by many applicants in similar applications as their grounds for applying leave to judicially review the Board’s decisions.  It is like a template for such applicants and they just used the grounds stated therein without any regard to their own situations.  Nevertheless, as the applicant is relying on the above grounds to make the Leave Application, this court will still deal with the grounds as discussed below.

Oral hearing

10.  The applicant requested for an oral hearing and his case was heard on 29 April 2025.

11.  At the hearing, the applicant said that he had a 1 year and 11 months’ old son in Hong Kong.  The mother of the son is an Indonesian woman who is also claiming for non-refoulement protection.  His own family did not approve of this relationship.  This information was not presented to the Board as the son was born after the Board’s Decision.

12.  When this court asked the applicant to elaborate on the grounds asserted in the document annexed to his Form 86, the applicant admitted that he did not prepare those grounds but someone else did.  He nevertheless confirmed that those were his grounds for the intended judicial review.  He did not elaborate the grounds further except that his life was still in danger both because of his political opinion and the property dispute with his uncle.  He was attacked in Bangladesh and was in hiding because of the attack not just within Bangladesh, but also India and Thailand.  He wanted to stay in Hong Kong to show affection to his young son, and he could not live with his family in Bangladesh anymore.

Discussion

13.  First of all, some of the grounds stated in the document annexed to his Form 86 were directed at the Director.  As the Director’s Decision was superseded by the Board’s Decision and is no longer susceptible to judicial review (see Re Moshsin Ali [2018] HKCA 549), the Director’s Decision cannot be the subject matter of the Leave Application.  This court will therefore consider only those grounds directed at the Board in respect of the Board’s Decision.

14.  Paragraphs 2, 4 and 5 of the applicant’s grounds were directed at the Director.  Hence, they could not be used to challenge the Board’s Decision and can be simply ignored.  Paragraph 8 of the grounds was just asking this court to grant leave to have the Board’s Decision judicially reviewed.  It is not a ground at all.  Thus, only paragraphs 1, 3, 6 and 7 of the grounds are relevant to the Leave Application.

15.  In paragraph 1 of the grounds, the applicant alleged that the adjudicator of the Board reached the Board’s Decision wrongly and it was not reasonable and fair as required by the Wednesbury test.  However, the applicant did not state how or why the Board’s decision was wrong, unfair and unreasonable.  It does not help the applicant to establish any ground by just mentioning the right to life in paragraph 1. 

16.  In any event, the Board did assess the applicant’s risk of right to life.  The Board found that the applicant did not adduce any credible evidence to show why members/supporters of AL would want to kill or harm him in order to stop him from assisting the election prospects of BNP, as he was at most a grass-root member of BNP.  There was also no reliable evidence to show that AL members/supporters had ill-treated the applicant, the state/government of Bangladesh was unwilling or unable to afford protection to him or the government might impose capital punishment on him.  The Board expressly found that the applicant did not face any BOR 2 Risk[1].

17.  In paragraph 3 of the grounds, the applicant alleged that the adjudicator acted unreasonably and was procedurally unfair by placing too much reliance on country of origin information (“COI”) but failed to take his personal background and experience into account.  However, the applicant did not state which aspects of his personal background and experience had not been taken into account by the Board. 

18.  In fact, the Board did consider the applicant’s personal background and experience very extensively.  The Board scrutinized the core facts alleged by the applicant of the issues raised, and his experiences in taking part in the general elections in 2014 and 2018.  Relevant COI was considered and the applicant was asked to comment on the COI referred to by the Board at the Board’s hearing.  His involvement in the elections and knowledge of BNP were duly examined before the Board came to its conclusion.

19.  The applicant further alleged in paragraph 3 of the grounds that although the Director had listed the relevant COI which supported the aversions that the police in his country would not be able to protect, the Director failed to consider or give enough weightage to those evidence and ruled otherwise.  This is just a vague and general accusation without any specificity. 

20.  Contrary to the applicant’s assertion, the Board did not make any finding that the police in Bangladesh would not be able to protect the applicant.  The Board did consider carefully his complaints against the police, but the evidence did not show that the applicant had established the same.

21.  In paragraph 6 of the grounds, the applicant alleged that the adjudicator was procedurally improper and/or unfair when assessing whether to accept or not to accept explanations provided by him, and unreasonably required him to respond to questions that he was not in a position to offer any response.  This accusation lacks any particulars in support.  The applicant did not state which explanations he provided were not accepted by the Board and which questions he was not in a position to offer any response.

22.  There was in fact nothing wrong for the Board to question the applicant extensively to try to understand his claims better and to assess his credibility and his accounts of the events leading to his claim for non-refoulement protection.  The questions were necessary for the Board to fulfil its duty of finding of facts in relation to the applicant’s claim.  This court finds no fault or unfairness in the Board’s questioning of the applicant at all.

23.  In paragraph 7 of the grounds, the applicant simply alleged that the adjudicator ought to allow the appeal/petition and the Board’s Decision was irrational.  There was no particulars or reasons given to say how or why the Board’s Decision was irrational.

24.  The Board had in fact provided a very detailed analysis of the applicant’s claim and the reasons why the Board concluded that the applicant failed to establish any of the applicable grounds under the USM to claim non-refoulement protection.

25.  As held by the Court of Appeal in Re Salim Ahmed alias MD Salim [2020] HKCA 244, “general assertions or propositions of law cannot assist an appellant when he fails to condescend to the requisite particulars related to the facts of his case”.  Thus, none of the aforesaid paragraphs in the grounds could establish any valid ground to challenge the Board’s Decision when they are so vague and general without any requisite particulars related to the applicant’s case.

26.  It is therefore this court’s finding that the applicant has failed to establish any valid ground for challenging the Board’s Decision.

27.  The role of the court in judicial review is not to re-assess the non-refoulement claims afresh.  The primary decision-makers in a claim for non-refoulement are the Director and the Board.  They alone assess the evidence and find facts including those relating to the matters allegedly giving rise to the non-refoulement claim, risk of harm, availability of state protection and viability of internal relocation.  The court will scrutinize the Board’s decision and intervene by way of judicial review only for errors of law, procedural unfairness or irrationality (see Nupur Mst v Director of Immigration [2018] HKCA 524).

28.  Thus, even though the applicant has failed to establish any valid ground for challenging the Board’s Decision, this court will still scrutinize the Board’s Decision for any errors of law, procedural unfairness or irrationality.

29.  In assessing the applicant’s appeal, the Board held an oral hearing on 19 December 2019.  The Board rejected the applicant’s claim that he had participated in BNP as he failed to show more than a superficial knowledge of BNP as well as key or significant events affecting BNP in the 2014 and 2018 elections.  In the absence of credible evidence, the Board rejected the applicant’s claim of fear of being persecuted because of his political opinion. The applicant actually failed to show why members or supporters of AL would want to kill or harm him, a grass-root member of BNP at most, in order to stop him from assisting the election prospects of BNP.  As such, the Board rejected all of the applicant’s claims that he had been persecuted, harassed or tortured by AL members as alleged, and considered that the assertions of potential harm were delivered either as bare assertions, without convictions, or characterized by self-aggrandizement and exaggeration. 

30.  As for the risk of harm from his uncle, the Board found that the applicant’s evidence on his claimed ownership of a plot of land was extremely vague.  He could not recall any specific information, features or details which indicated that he was the registered owner of a plot of land that was gifted by his grandfather as alleged.  His facile responses on this issue were delivered without conviction.  The Board also found no reason why his uncle would get AL to kill him.  The applicant’s death would not help his uncle because by Islamic law, ownership would in that case automatically pass to the applicant’s father.

31.  As to internal relocation, it is a well-recognised principle that the decision-maker only needs to consider internal relocation if the applicant has established that he qualifies as a refugee pursuant to Article 1A(2) of the Refugee Convention (see Robinson v SSHD & Anor [1997] EWCA Civ 3090, dated 11.7.1997).  In other words, internal relocation only arises if the applicant has established a real risk of persecution in his home area (see Gardi v SSHD [2002] 1 WLR 2755).

32.  The Board was aware of the above principle and found it unnecessary to consider internal relocation because the applicant had no real risk of any of the proscribed forms of harm.  Nevertheless, the Board still considered internal relocation for the sake of completeness.  The Board found that internal relocation was viable for the applicant, as he is a highly educated man and holds both an Honours degree and a post graduate degree in garment manufacturing.  He should be able to find suitable employment in many places in Bangladesh where garments are made.

33.  The assessment of evidence, COI materials and risk of harm were primarily within the sole ambit of the Board.  The Board is entitled to come to its own conclusion.  If the applicant is seeking to challenge the Board’s finding of facts, it is not permissible in an application for judicial review.  This court finds no errors of the Board in reaching its decision based on all the evidence before it. 

34.  Having rigorously examined the Board’s Decision and the evidence with anxious scrutiny, this court is satisfied that the Board had correctly set out the law and key legal principles relating to the applicable grounds under the USM, the burden of proof and the standard of proof.  The Board also correctly identified the issues and observed a very high standard of fairness.  This court could detect no errors of law, procedural unfairness or irrationality in the Board’s Decision. The Board’s Decision does satisfy the enhanced Wednesbury test, ie it is not Wednesbury unreasonable or irrational for the Board to reach its decision. 

35.  In Po Fun Chan v Winnie Cheung (2007) 10 HKCFAR 676, the Court of Final Appeal held that for the court to grant leave to apply for judicial review, the claim had to be a reasonably arguable claim which enjoyed realistic prospects of success.  It is the view of this court that the applicant has failed to establish such a claim and hence leave must be refused.

Conclusion

36.  For reasons aforesaid, the Leave Application is dismissed.

Where leave to apply has been granted, applicants and their legal advisers are reminded of their obligation to reconsider the merits of their application in the light of the respondent’s evidence

Form CALL-1