ROHANA v. TORTURE CLAIMS APPEAL BOARD

HCAL 1302/2024

[2026] HKCFI 3462

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LIST NO 1302 OF 2024

  Application for Leave to Apply for Judicial Review

NOTIFICATION of the Judge’s decision (Ord. 53 r. 3)

Following:

	consideration of the documents only;       or
	consideration of the documents and oral submissions by the Applicant in open court / the Applicant being absent in open court;

The application for leave to apply for judicial review be dismissed.

Observations for the Applicant:

1.  The Applicant is a 33-year-old national of Indonesia who last arrived in Hong Kong on 8 August 2023 as a visitor with permission to remain as such up to 7 September 2023 when she did not depart and instead overstayed, and was arrested by police on 13 November 2023.  After she was referred to the Immigration Department for investigation, she raised a non-refoulement claim for protection on the basis that if she returned to Indonesia she would be harmed or killed by her elder brother for failing to help him to pay off his debts.  She was subsequently released on recognizance pending the determination of her claim.

2.  The Applicant was born and raised in Tungku Java, Palembang, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. After leaving school she worked as a domestic helper in Taiwan before returning to Indonesia to work as a company administrative staff in her home district.

3.  In 2021 her elder brother demanded that she should help him to pay off his debts by marrying his creditor, and when she refused he then made threats against her, and to avoid further threats and harassments from her brother, the Applicant on 30 March 2023 departed Indonesia for Hong Kong to work as a foreign domestic helper.

4.  However, her employment was prematurely terminated on 28 May 2023, and when she was unable to find another employment, she then departed Hong Kong on 7 June 2023 for Macau where she worked as a short-term kitchen helper before returning to Hong Kong on 7 August 2023 to look for further employment as a foreign domestic helper which was unsuccessful, and after her visiting visa expired on 8 September 2023 she did not depart and instead overstayed in Hong Kong, and upon her subsequent arrest by the police she then raised her non-refoulement claim for protection, for which she completed a Non-refoulement Claim Form (“NCF”) on 19 January 2024 and attended screening interview before the Immigration Department with legal representation.

5.  By a Notice of Decision dated 30 April 2024 the Director of Immigration (“Director”) rejected the Applicant’s claim on all the applicable grounds including risk of torture under Part VIIC of the Immigration Ordinance, Cap 115 (“Torture Risk”), risk of her absolute or non-derogable rights under the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance, Cap 383 (“HKBOR”) being violated including right to life under Article 2 (“BOR 2 Risk”), risk of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under Article 3 of HKBOR (“BOR 3 Risk”), and risk of persecution with reference to the non-refoulement principle under Article 33 of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (“Persecution Risk”).

6.  In his decision the Director took into account of all the relevant circumstances of the Applicant’s claim and found no substantial grounds for believing that there will be any real and substantial risk of her perceived harm from her elder brother upon her return to Indonesia due to the low intensity and frequency of past ill-treatment from her elder brother, that there is no evidence of any real intention of her elder brother to seriously harm or kill her other than to press her to marry his creditor in settlement of his debts, that in any event it was a private monetary or domestic dispute between just the 2 of them within their family only without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant if resorted to, and that reliable and objective Country of Origin Information (“COI”) show that reasonable internal relocation alternatives are available in Indonesia with a large population of 279 million people spread across a vast territory of more than 1.9 million square kilometers that it would not be unduly harsh for the Applicant as an able-bodied adult with working experience to move to other areas of the country away from her home district in large cities such as Surabaya or Bali where it would be difficult if not impossible for her elder brother to locate her.

7.  On 10 May 2024 the Applicant lodged an appeal to the Torture Claims Appeal Board (“Board”) against the Director’s decision, and for which she attended an oral hearing on 22 July 2024 before the Board during which she gave evidence and answered questions raised of her claim by the Adjudicator for the Board. On 2 August 2024 her appeal was dismissed by the Board which also confirmed the Director’s decision.

8.  In its decision[1] the Board did not take any real issue with the Applicant’s claim of fear of harm from her elder brother for refusing to marry his creditor to settle his debts but found no reliable evidence of any real intention of her elder brother to seriously harm or kill her other than angry words and empty threats to press her to help him to repay his debts, and that in any event it was a private domestic dispute between just the 2 of them only and within their family without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant upon her return to Indonesia as well as reasonable internal relocation alternatives for her to move safely to other parts of the country away from her home district without any risk of being located by her elder brother that her claim for non-refoulement protection failed on all applicable grounds.

9.  On 7 August 2024 the Applicant filed her Form 86 for leave to apply for judicial review of the Board’s decision, but no ground for seeking relief was given in her Form or in her supporting affirmation of the same date in which she just repeated her claim as before but without putting forth any proper ground for her intended challenge. As such, and in the absence of any error of law or irrationality or procedural unfairness in her process before the Board or in its decision being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, I do not find any reasonably arguable basis for her intended challenge of the Board’s decision.

10.  As has been repeatedly emphasized by the Court of Appeal, judicial review does not operate as a rehearing of a non-refoulement claim when the proper occasion for the Applicant to present and articulate his claim is in the screening process and interview before the Immigration Department and in the process before the Board where the evaluation of the risk of harm is primarily a matter for the Director and the Board as they are entitled to make such evaluation based on the evidence available to them that the court will not usurp their role as primary decision makers in the absence of any legal error or procedural unfairness or irrationality in their decisions being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, as judicial review is not an avenue for revisiting the assessment by them in the hope that the court may consider the matter afresh: Re Lakhwinder Singh [2018] HKCA 246; Re Daljit Singh [2018] HKCA 328; Re Mudannayakalage Chaminda Pushpa Kumara [2018] HKCA 400; and Nupur Mst v Director of Immigration [2018] HKCA 524.

11.  In the Applicant’s case, the fact is that it has been established by both the Director and the Board in their respective decisions that the risk of harm in her claim if real is a localized one and that it is not unreasonable or unsafe for her to relocate to other part of Indonesia, there is simply no justification to afford her with non-refoulement protection in Hong Kong: see TK v Jenkins & Anor [2013] 1 HKC 526.

12.  In the premises, and having considered the decisions of both the Director and the Board with rigorous examination and anxious scrutiny, I do not find any error of law or procedural unfairness in either of them, nor any failure on their part to apply high standards of fairness in their consideration and assessment of the Applicant’s claim.

13.  Moreover, the Applicant has recently in writing requested to withdraw her application as her issues in her home country have been resolved that she wants to return to Indonesia.

14.  As I am for the given reasons not satisfied that there is any prospect of success in the Applicant’s intended application for judicial review, and in view of her latest confirmation of no more issues for her to return to her home country, I accordingly dismiss her leave application.

Where leave to apply has been granted, Applicants and their legal advisers are reminded of their obligation to reconsider the merits of their application in the light of the Respondent’s evidence

Form CALL-1