TITIN-MARYATI-BT-DAIM-SANIM alias TITIN MARYATI v. TORTURE CLAIMS APPEAL BOARD

HCAL 324/2024

[2025] HKCFI 1308

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LIST NO. 324 OF 2024

Application for Leave to Apply for Judicial Review
NOTIFICATION of the Judge’s decision (Ord. 53 r. 3)

Following:

	consideration of the documents only;            or
	consideration of the documents and oral submissions by the Applicant in open court / the Applicant being absent in open court;

The application for leave to apply for judicial review be dismissed.

Observations for the Applicant:

1.  The Applicant is a 47-year-old national of Indonesia who arrived in Hong Kong on 26 February 2021 with permission to work as a foreign domestic helper until the expiration of her employment contract on 18 July 2022 or within 14 days of its early termination, but when her employment was prematurely terminated on 15 February 2022, she did not depart and instead overstayed, and upon her subsequent arrest and was referred to the Immigration Department for investigation, she raised a non-refoulement claim for protection on the basis that if she returned to Indonesia she would be harmed or killed by her husband’s creditor over his unpaid debts. She was subsequently released on recognizance pending the determination of her claim.

2.  The Applicant was born and raised in Compreng, KAB Subang, Jabar, Indonesia. After leaving school she married her husband and raised a family with 2 children in her home district.

3.  In 2005 she started to work in various countries as a domestic servant to help support their family, and in 2021 on her husband’s advice she applied to work in Hong Kong as a foreign domestic helper, and to meet the necessary fees and expenses her husband borrowed a loan from a local money-lender to be repaid by monthly instalments plus interests.

4.  Accordingly on 26 February 2021 the Applicant arrived in Hong Kong to start her employment, and from her monthly salary she would remit money to her husband in Indonesia for his loan repayments.

5.  Her employment was however prematurely terminated in 15 February 2022 that she was unable to remit any money to her husband for his loan repayments, for which his creditor then sent men to threaten her husband, and after he was severely beaten by those men on 2 occasions, her husband advised her not to return to Indonesia to save her life, and so the Applicant overstayed in Hong Kong, and after her arrest by the police she then raised her non-refoulement claim for protection, for which she completed a Non-refoulement Claim Form (“NCF”) on 27 September 2022 and attended screening interview before the Immigration Department with legal representation from the Duty Lawyer Service (“DLS”).

6.  By a Notice of Decision dated 15 November 2022 the Director of Immigration (“Director”) rejected the Applicant’s claim on all the applicable grounds including risk of torture under Part VIIC of the Immigration Ordinance, Cap. 115 (“Torture Risk”), risk of her absolute or non-derogable rights under the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance, Cap. 383 (“HKBOR”) being violated including right to life under Article 2 (“BOR 2 Risk”), risk of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under Article 3 of HKBOR (“BOR 3 Risk”), and risk of persecution with reference to the non-refoulement principle under Article 33 of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (“Persecution Risk”).

7.  In his decision the Director took into account of all the relevant circumstances of the Applicant’s claim and assessed the level of risk of harm from her husband’s creditor and followers upon her return to Indonesia as low due to the absence of any past ill-treatment from them, that there is no evidence of any real intention of her husband’s creditor to seriously harm or kill her other than to press her husband to repay his debts, that in any event it was a private monetary dispute between her husband and his creditor only without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant if resorted to, and that reliable and objective Country of Origin Information (“COI”) show that reasonable internal relocation alternatives are available in Indonesia with a large population of 260 million people spread across a vast territory of more than 1.9 million square kilometers that it would not be unduly harsh for the Applicant as an able-bodied adult with working experience to move to other areas of the country away from her home district in large cities such as Jakarta where it would be difficult if not impossible for her husband’s creditor to locate her.

8.  On 25 November 2022 the Applicant lodged an appeal to the Torture Claims Appeal Board (“Board”) against the Director’s decision, and for which she attended an oral hearing on 25 July 2023 before the Board during which she gave evidence and answered questions raised of his claim by the Adjudicator for the Board. On 1 February 2024 her appeal was dismissed by the Board which also confirmed the Director’s decision.

9.  In its decision the Board found material inconsistencies and discrepancies in the Applicant’s evidence that it doubted the credibility of her claim of fear of harm from her husband’s creditor that caused her to overstay in Hong Kong to seek protection, and that even if such risk were real that there was no reliable evidence of any real intention of her husband’s creditor to seriously harm or kill her, and that in any event it was a private monetary dispute between her husband and his creditor only without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant upon her return to Indonesia if resorted to as well as reasonable internal relocation alternatives for her to move safely to other parts of the country away from her home district without any risk of being located by her husband’s creditor that her claim for non-refoulement protection failed on all applicable grounds.

10.  On 15 February 2024 the Applicant filed her Form 86 for leave to apply for judicial review of the Board’s decision, but no ground for seeking relief was given in her Form or her supporting affirmation of the same date in which she just repeated her claim as before but without putting forth any proper ground for her intended challenge. As such, and in the absence of any error of law or irrationality or procedural unfairness in her process before the Board or in its decision being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, I do not find any reasonably arguable basis for her intended challenge.

11.  As has been repeatedly emphasized by the Court of Appeal, judicial review does not operate as a rehearing of a non-refoulement claim when the proper occasion for the Applicant to present and articulate his claim is in the screening process and interview before the Immigration Department and in the process before the Board where the evaluation of the risk of harm is primarily a matter for the Director and the Board as they are entitled to make such evaluation based on the evidence available to them that the court will not usurp their role as primary decision makers in the absence of any legal error or procedural unfairness or irrationality in their decisions being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, as judicial review is not an avenue for revisiting the assessment by them in the hope that the court may consider the matter afresh: Re Lakhwinder Singh [2018] HKCA 246; Re Daljit Singh [2018] HKCA 328; Re Mudannayakalage Chaminda Pushpa Kumara [2018] HKCA 400; and Nupur Mst v Director of Immigration [2018] HKCA 524.

12.  In the Applicant’s case, the fact is that it has been established by both the Director and the Board in their respective decisions that the risk of harm in her claim even if real is a localized one and that it is not unreasonable or unsafe for her to relocate to other part of Indonesia, there is simply no justification to afford her with non-refoulement protection in Hong Kong: see TK v Jenkins & Anor [2013] 1 HKC 526.

13.  In the premises, and having considered the decisions of both the Director and the Board with rigorous examination and anxious scrutiny, I do not find any error of law or procedural unfairness in either of them, nor any failure on their part to apply high standards of fairness in their consideration and assessment of the Applicant’s claim.

14.  Moreover, the Applicant recently on 10 February 2025 filed an affirmation requesting to “cancel” her application as she wants to return to Indonesia but without providing any explanation as to what has happened to her claimed risk in her home country.

15.  For all these reasons I am not satisfied that there is any prospect of success in the Applicant’s intended application for judicial review, I therefore refuse to grant leave and accordingly dismiss her application.

Where leave to apply has been granted, Applicants and their legal advisers are reminded of their obligation to reconsider the merits of their application in the light of the Respondent’s evidence

Form CALL-1